The serpent/snake was a symbol of evil and perversity because it was used in Canaanite religion - see the ancient Canaanite incense burner at right, covered with snakes. When Eve was approached by a serpent, she was toying with an alien religion; artists later used the serpent as shorthand for Evil.
The Tree - there were two trees in the Garden of Eden: the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, and the Tree of Life. The Tree of Knowledge made humans aware of the difference between good and evil. The Tree of Life was a common symbol in ancient religions.
The Fruit was not an apple, though it is always shown like this in European paintings. It was more likely to have been a pomegranate, an ancient symbol of fertility and plenty in pagan religions.
The Garden - Nothing seemed more beautiful to desert nomads than a lush green garden. The name 'Eden' comes from a Hebrew word meaning 'to be fruitful or plentiful', and the gardens of the Persians were called 'paradeisoi'.
Adam's rib - Eve's creation from a part of Adam (see the Michelangelo painting) recognizes that men and women's lives interlock so completely that neither can survive without the other.
The Angel - See Angels for the different types of angels in the Bible, or Angel Paintings for twenty famous images

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